Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs; acarbose, miglitol, voglibose) are widely used in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. AGIs delay the absorption of carbohydrates from the small intestine and thus have a lowering effect on postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels.

How do alpha-glucosidase inhibitors work?

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors work by competitive and reversible inhibition of these intestinal enzymes. They slow the digestion of carbohydrates and delay glucose absorption. This results in a smaller and slower rise in blood glucose levels following meals, and effectively throughout the day.

What do glucose inhibitors do?

These drugs block the breakdown of starchy foods such as bread, potatoes, and pasta, and they slow down the absorption of of some sugars, such as table sugar.

What is a side effect of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

α-Glucosidase inhibitors are associated with significant gastrointestinal side effects that affect over 50% of individuals. Increased colonic gas production due to fermentation of unabsorbed carbohydrate cause abdominal bloating, cramping, increased flatulence, or diarrhea.

How do thiazolidinediones work?

How do glitazones work? TZDs work by targeting the PPAR-gamma receptor, which activates a number of genes in the body and plays an important role in how the body metabolises glucose and how the body stores fat.

How do alpha-glucosidase inhibitors work? (Pharmacology for Nursing)

40 related questions found

What is the action of thiazolidinediones?

The thiazolidinediones (or 'glitazones') are a new class of drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. They bind avidly to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in adipocytes to promote adipogenesis and fatty acid uptake (in peripheral but not visceral fat).

What do SGLT2 inhibitors do?

SGLT2 inhibitors lower blood sugar by causing the kidneys to remove sugar from the body through the urine. The safety and efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors have not been established in patients with type 1 diabetes, and FDA has not approved them for use in these patients.

What are the most common side effects of SGLT2 inhibitors?

Common SGLT2 side effects include:

• Urinary tract infection.
• Female and male genital yeast infections.
• Upper respiratory tract infections.
• Increased urination.
• Dyslipidemia (increase in cholesterol)
• Joint pain.
• Nausea.
• Thirst.

What are the contraindications to therapy with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

α-Glucosidase inhibitors are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug, in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis or inflammatory bowel disease, colonic ulceration, partial intestinal obstruction or in patients predisposed to intestinal obstruction.

How does incretin hormone work in the body?

Incretin hormones are gut peptides that are secreted after nutrient intake and stimulate insulin secretion together with hyperglycaemia. GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) und GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) are the known incretin hormones from the upper (GIP, K cells) and lower (GLP-1, L cells) gut.

Why are alpha-glucosidase inhibitors contraindicated in inflammatory bowel disease?

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors competitively inhibit enzymes involved in the digestion of carbohydrates. Increased gas formation in the intestines due to fermentation of the undigested carbohydrates can worsen or aggravate intestinal problems.

Which of the drug is glucosidase inhibitor property?

Acarbose is an antidiabetic drug which acts by inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities but with deleterious side effects. Gallic acid (GA) is a phenolic acid that is widespread in plant foods.

What is the mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors?

SGLT2 inhibitors function through a novel mechanism of reducing renal tubular glucose reabsorption, producing a reduction in blood glucose without stimulating insulin release. Other benefits may include favorable effects on blood pressure and weight.

What are the side effects of thiazolidinediones?

Conclusions: Common side effects associated with TZDs include edema, weight gain, macular edema and heart failure. Moreover, they may cause hypoglycemia when combined with other antidiabetic drugs as well as decrease hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. Increased bone fracture risk is another TZD-related side effect.

What do Meglitinides do?

The meglitinides are insulin secretagogues, stimulating the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells in a manner similar to that of the sulfonylureas.

What is amylin analog?

This agent is a synthetic analogue of human amylin, a naturally occurring hormone made in pancreatic beta cells. It slows gastric emptying, suppresses postprandial glucagon secretion, and regulates food intake through centrally mediated appetite modulation.

Do sulfonylureas increase insulin sensitivity?

Moreover, sulfonylureas seem to exert other effects as well: they increase peripheral glucose utilization by two mechanisms of action, by stimulating hepatic gluconeogenesis, and by increasing the number and sensitivity of insulin receptors [15].

What type of enzyme is glucosidase?

β-d-Glucosidases are the enzymes that cleave glycosidic bonds between glucose units in the dimers and oligomers (yielded from the action of amylases and cellulases) to liberate monosaccharides.

What are the side effects of insulin?

Common side effects include:

• initial weight gain as the cells start to take in glucose.
• blood sugar that drops too low , or hypoglycemia.
• rashes, bumps, or swelling at an injection site.
• anxiety or depression.
• a cough when taking inhaled insulin.

Why would an SGLT2 inhibitor be helpful for a diabetic's symptoms?

If you have type 2 diabetes and you've already tried other treatments, your doctor may suggest you take medications called SGLT2 inhibitors. They work by keeping blood sugar from getting absorbed back into your kidneys.

Who should not take SGLT2 inhibitors?

Prescribing SGLT2 inhibitors should be restricted if the patient has a history of type 1 DM, ketosisprone T2DM, and in those with a glomerular filtration rate of < 60 mL/min.

What are the 3 P's symptoms associated with T2DM?

The three P's of diabetes are polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia. These terms correspond to increases in thirst, urination, and appetite, respectively.

Can SGLT2 inhibitors cause hyponatremia?

Background: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors induce osmotic diuresis by inhibiting the proximal renal tubular reabsorption of the filtered glucose load. This can occasionally lead to severe dehydration, hypotension and in some cases, severe hyponatremia.

What are some of the potential benefits of the SGLT2 inhibitors or Gliflozins?

What are the benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors? SGLT2 inhibitors help to remove glucose from the blood and therefore help to lower blood glucose levels. By removing glucose from the body, SGLT2 inhibitors can also have benefits for weight loss.

What is the function of vildagliptin?

Vildagliptin Uses:

The medication is used for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. This is used along with diet and exercise to improve blood sugar control in adults with Type 2 diabetes. The medication is a type of anti-diabetic drug.